A Warped, Vibrating Galaxy

If you go back 35 years, what we now call 'dark matter' was even more controversial than it is today. What was the stuff, if it really existed, and should we consider it a dim version of what we see around us elsewhere in the galaxy? Or was it something truly exotic, not yet explicable but traceable in the effects it had on galactic evolution? Whatever it was, we seemed to need it to explain a key observation: stars in the outer regions of the galaxy move faster than they ought to based on the observed mass of stars in the Milky Way. Today we still don't know what dark matter is, but an intriguing new study again reminds us of its extensive influence. As reported at the ongoing meeting of the American Astronomical Society, the Magellanic Clouds -- a pair of galaxies that orbit the Milky Way -- seem to be interacting with the galaxy's dark matter, creating a previously observed warp in the galactic disk. Using a new map of hydrogen gas emissions, researchers have found that the motion...

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Marc Millis on Hyperspace Propulsion

Centauri Dreams asked Marc Millis, former head of NASA's Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project, for his thoughts on so-called hyperspace propulsion, as recently published in an article called "Take a Leap into Hyperspace" (New Scientist, 5 January 2006). The article has received wide coverage because of its sensational implication that we may be much closer to a breakthrough in interstellar propulsion than anyone realized. And as discussed here in the last few days, it draws on the work of the German theoretician Burkhard Heim and the later refinements of Walter Dröscher and Jochem Häuser. Millis' response follows. But he leads it off with this qualification: "My assessments below are only a cursory response rather than the result of a full technical review. If I had done a full technical review, I would have submitted it to a journal. Given the level of interest, however, and the habit that many of us have to jump to conclusions (pro or con), I thought I should comment." With that...

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Stardust@Home

As the return of the Stardust cometary samples approaches, it's encouraging to learn of a Stardust-related project with interstellar implications. Stardust@Home is an Internet-based search for interstellar dust in the Stardust materials, one that relies, like SETI@Home before it, on the combined computing resources of those who volunteer to assist. Unlike the latter project, however, Stardust@Home requires a Web-based training session and subsequent test, after which those who pass will be able to download a virtual microscope and images from the Stardust collector. It will take personal scrutiny rather than just computing cycles to try to locate interstellar materials. Although most attention has focused on Stardust's cometary samples, its aerogel collector was also designed to catch the first interstellar dust ever collected. The number of dust grains found may number in the low dozens, but even one would be a breakthrough, marking the first time such materials were studied in a...

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Hyperspace in Science Fiction

With hyperspace suddenly in the news, here are some thoughts on how taking a shortcut to reach the stars has appeared in science fiction. They're from The Science in Science Fiction, edited by Peter Nicholls (London: Book Club Associates, 1982), p. 72: "Hyperspace is the science fictional name for the 'other space' used in such short cuts. The word was invented by John W. Campbell for his short story "The Mightiest Machine" (1934) and unashamedly stolen by hundreds of writers since. Today, hyperspace is part of science fiction's standard furniture -- solving all those awkward problems of travel to the stars... "[One] view of hyperspace is as a 'universe next door' much smaller than our own, with every point in hyperspace corresponding to one in this universe. Mathematicians call this a 'one-to-one' mapping. So hyperspace behaves like a little map of our own universe, a map which can be visited -- as though we could step from London to the point marked 'London' on the map, walk a...

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Hyperdrive to Epsilon Eridani?

A story in The Scotsman discussing how a hyperspace drive might work is in wide circulation, and today I read the feature in New Scientist that it's based on (thanks to Ian Brown for the tip). Under discussion is the possibility of building what is being called a 'hyperspace engine,' one that could get us to Mars in a matter of hours and to the stars within the kind of time frames once demanded of the crews of sailing ships. But to say that the theories behind this drive are controversial is to turn understatement into a virtual art form. Here's what The Scotsman has to say about how such an engine would work: The theoretical engine works by creating an intense magnetic field that, according to ideas first developed by the late scientist Burkhard Heim in the 1950s, would produce a gravitational field and result in thrust for a spacecraft. Also, if a large enough magnetic field was created, the craft would slip into a different dimension, where the speed of light is faster, allowing...

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New Light on Charon

While we're on the subject of Pluto -- and we will be off and on as the New Horizons launch approaches -- it's intriguing to see how much we have already learned about the Pluto/Charon pair from Earth-based telescopes. We've just found out, for instance, that Charon's radius is 606 kilometers, with a fudge factor of plus or minus 8 kilometers. That's a pretty remarkable measurement for an object this distant, but it proceeded through a reliable and time-honored astronomical method: stellar occultation. If you know when and where to look, an occultation can provide reams of information. What's happening is that the nearer object, in this case Charon, passes in front of a distant star; observations of that event give us not just accurate size estimates but useful data on the object's density and possible atmosphere. For by combining the occultation data with measurements from the Hubble Space Telescope, the team (from MIT and Williams College) was able to establish a density for Charon...

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Stardust Approaching

The return of the Stardust mission draws near. The spacecraft should jettison its return capsule around 5 AM EST on January 15; the latter is to plunge into Earth's atmosphere at the highest return speed ever recorded, some 29,000 miles per hour. A parachute will bring the capsule to the ground at the Utah Testing and Training Range southwest of Salt Lake City, and at that point we should have our first samples of primordial cometary dust, captured two years ago near Comet Wild 2. Even more intriguing, we should have particles of interstellar dust collected during the long approach to the comet. This has been a remarkable mission, and at times a scary one. Stardust was launched in February of 1999 and began collecting interstellar dust in 2000. 2.88 billion miles have accumulated during this voyage, including a gravity assist from Earth and an encounter with asteroid 5535 Annefrank. In November of 2000, a vast solar flare skewed the spacecraft's navigation system by creating false...

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Pluto’s Temperatures an Enigma

Centauri Dreams admits to being less than absorbed by the debate over whether Pluto is or is not a planet. Let the logic-choppers have their day; what's interesting is that whatever we call it, Pluto remains an enigmatic, unexplored world that has much in common with other Kuiper Belt objects. And its enigmatic nature seems reinforced by recent studies showing that the surface of Pluto is actually colder that it ought to be. Measuring surface temperatures on a body currently 30 AU from the Sun is tricky business, to be sure, and remember that in the course of a Plutonian year, that distance can vary from 30 to 50 AU, causing what little atmosphere is present to freeze and fall to the surface in the form of snow or ice. But studies of how sunlight is reflected from Pluto and its largest moon Charon -- using the Submillimeter Array (SMA) on Mauna Kea in Hawaii -- have enabled the first thermal measurements that could discriminate between the two objects. Image: In this artist's...

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Measuring Outer System Dust

With the New Horizons mission to Pluto set to launch on January 17, the eyes of interstellar mission advocates turn to something seemingly mundane: the size, makeup and distribution of dust particles in the outer Solar System. In an ideal universe, each mission pushes and extends our knowledge, and if we are to build true star-faring probes one day, we'll need to do a great deal of incremental, almost prosaic study along the way. Such as learning more about the medium through which fast spacecraft will have to fly. Image: The team and the rocket. The New Horizons researchers gathered in November at the Kennedy Space Center to see New Horizons and the Atlas V that will launch it. Credit: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. On that score, I see that the University of Colorado has contributed a space dust instrument that will fly on New Horizons. The first student-built instrument ever to fly on a planetary mission, the Student Dust Counter (SDC) will make observations...

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Charter

In Centauri Dreams, Paul Gilster looks at peer-reviewed research on deep space exploration, with an eye toward interstellar possibilities. For many years this site coordinated its efforts with the Tau Zero Foundation. It now serves as an independent forum for deep space news and ideas. In the logo above, the leftmost star is Alpha Centauri, a triple system closer than any other star, and a primary target for early interstellar probes. To its right is Beta Centauri (not a part of the Alpha Centauri system), with Beta, Gamma, Delta and Epsilon Crucis, stars in the Southern Cross, visible at the far right (image courtesy of Marco Lorenzi).

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