We've just looked at the interesting work of Kris Stanek and collaborators on the Hubble constant, which could be taken to imply that previous measurements of this important figure are off by about 15 percent. Stanek's data point to a Hubble constant of 61 kilometers per second per megaparsec (a megaparsec is equal to 3.26 million light years); current estimates had begun to settle in comfortably at around 70 (km/s)/Mpc, although some astronomers, most conspicuously Allan Sandage, held out for a much lower figure. Now comes news of a study working with x-ray data from the Chandra space observatory and radio observations of galaxy clusters. Using this information, Max Bonamente (MSFC) and team have made distance measurements to 38 galaxy clusters ranging from 1.4 billion to 9.3 billion light years from Earth. Their finding on the Hubble constant pegs it at 77 kilometers per second per megaparsec, with an uncertainty of about 15%. And it's a finding more or less in agreement with...
Night Thoughts on Human Expansion
One summer night last year I found myself at a dinner party that had stretched late into the evening. Enjoying a good Côtes du Rhône and watching distant lightning flickering through the trees outside, I hadn't been saying much until the subject came around to space. Suddenly I was challenged to justify the notion of exploring not just distant stellar systems but even the nearby planets. And before long I was talking about the need to develop technologies that could help us deflect a potential life-threatening asteroid. At which point one of the guests stopped me cold by saying, "Why should we deflect it? The human race has done little enough. What does it matter if we're all destroyed?" Try to talk someone out of that. It's early 21st Century weltschmzerz in its purest form, writing off all future generations because of a perceived sense of human failure. Not even half a bottle of Côtes du Rhône could take the edge off it. Reading a recent essay in Acta Astronautica by Giancarlo...
Hubble’s Constant Tweaked
It was in 1929 that Edwin Hubble formulated a key principle about the universe. Hubble realized that the redshift of distant galaxies was proportional to their distance, and refinements to the Hubble constant have brought some sense of order to our view of the expanding cosmos ever since. But an Ohio State astronomer and his colleagues now argue for tweaking Hubble, to the tune of 15 percent. That's the difference between previous readings of the distance to M33, the Triangulum Galaxy, and the value they have recently measured. The paper by Kris Stanek and co-authors is slated for the Astrophysical Journal, and is available in preprint form here. In it, the team describes its study of M33 in optical and infrared wavelengths using a wide variety of instruments including the 10-meter telescopes at Hawaii's Keck Observatory. The work on an eclipsing binary system in M33 produced a measurement of 3 million light years from Earth for the galaxy as opposed to the 2.6 million as determined...
An Electromagnetic Voyage for Bacteria?
Can living microbes travel between the planets, blown off one by a colossal asteroid impact, for example, and carried in debris to another? Some have suggested that life on Earth originated on Mars in just this way, but interesting work by electrical engineer Tom Dehel now offers an alternative. Dehel, who is also working on a law degree at Rutgers, was studying the Earth's electromagnetic fields and their impact on GPS satellite systems for the FAA when he realized that bacteria could be ejected from Earth by the kind of fields that create auroras. The work, presented at a meeting of the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) in Beijing, was the subject of a recent New Scientist story by David Chandler. And it's intriguing because whereas asteroid impacts of the needed size were relatively rare even in the early Solar System, the electromagnetic fields in question are common. Dehel sees the possibility of bacteria floating in the upper atmosphere and reproducing there, evolving ways...
A Free-Floating ‘Planemo’ Binary
We know all too little about planetary-mass objects -- planemos, as Centauri Dreams is learning to call them -- that are not associated with a star. But we've learned a bit more with the discovery of an unusual binary system. Discovered in optical imagery taken by the European Southern Observatory's 3.5 meter instrument in La Silla (Chile), Oph162225-240515 (Oph1622 for short) is a 14-Jupiter mass planemo apparently orbited by a companion of about half that mass. "This is a truly remarkable pair of twins - each weighing some hundred times less than our sun," says Ray Jayawardhana, an associate professor of astronomy and astrophysics at the University of Toronto. "Their mere existence is a surprise, and their origin and fate a bit of a mystery." Following up the find with optical spectra and infrared work, Jayawardhana and ESO's Valentin Ivanov established that both members of the pair are at the same distance from the Sun and far too cool to be stars. They're also young, perhaps a...
Discovering Life by Rover
Jose Garcia writes from the wonderful Meme Therapy, where he's conducting another brain parade, this one asking science fiction writers and scientists a straightforward question: "Do you think it likely that the first discovery of extraterrestrial life will be made by a rover?" The answers to all of Jose's brain parade questions are stimulating and reflect a wide variety of perspectives, from Robert Zubrin's unqualified "No. It will be made by human explorers operating on the surface of Mars," to writer Peter Watts' call for widening the search from planets to comets and molecular dust clouds. Centauri Dreams' guess is that extraterrestrial life may well exist deep within the Martian soil, but the first conclusive proof of life beyond Earth will come by rover and in a more exotic place, such as one of the Galilean moons of Jupiter or, if we want to get truly exotic, in the bizarre deep freeze of Titan. Because this is by nature guesswork, I'm just playing a hunch that Mars is going...
Nearby Brown Dwarfs: A Mission Target?
Centauri Dreams sometimes muses that we know all too little about nearby space. Ponder that it is only within the last decade that we have begun to characterize the whole category of objects known as 'brown dwarfs,' while our understanding of M-class dwarfs is evolving so rapidly that we're now seeing them as potential havens for terrestrial worlds. That makes both kinds of dwarfs interesting as mission targets once we've created the technologies to make such journeys. And it also means that we have to develop a better census of red and brown dwarf stars in our own neighborhood. It is within the realm of possibility, for example, that there may be a brown dwarf closer to us than the Centauri stars, and the discovery of a target, say, one light year away would give powerful impetus to interstellar propulsion studies. Even M-class stars are readily overlooked in a crowded sky, and the boundary between them and brown dwarfs can be tricky to establish. As witness a most interesting...
Cosmological Mystery: Line of Sight to a Quasar
What could galaxies along the line of sight between Earth and distant objects like quasars have anything to do with those objects themselves? Yet in a remarkable finding, the sightlines to quasars seem to be four times less likely to be populated with galaxies than the sightlines to gamma-ray bursts. Odd? Believe it. "The result contradicts our basic concepts of cosmology, and we are struggling to explain it," said Jason X. Prochaska (UC-Santa Cruz). The Swift satellite is the vehicle for this work, which used mission data to study the transient yet bright afterglow of long-duration gamma ray bursts (GRBs). Now the paper, by Prochaska and graduate student Gabriel Prochter, is awaiting publication in Astrophysical Journal Letters, but its appearance as a draft on the arXiv site is already spawning new work attempting to answer its questions. Working with 15 GRBs, the duo found strong absorption signatures indicating the presence of galaxies along 14 of the GRB sightlines. Such...