A Quiet Day at the Galactic Core

The mammoth black hole Sagittarius A* isn't the only interesting thing near the center of our galaxy. The European Space Agency's Integral observatory, working with gamma rays, tracks about eighty high-energy sources in the area. About ten of those closest to the galaxy's center had faded when Integral performed a series of observations last April. A mysterious force? Hardly. "All the sources are variable and it was just by accident or sheer luck that they had turned off during that observation," says Erik Kuulkers of ESA's Integral Science Operations Center. Fair enough, and useful for astronomers, who were able to use the sudden quiet to look for still fainter sources, and to set limits on the brightness of the x-ray binaries involved. These consist of two stars orbiting each other, one a normal star, the other a collapsed object -- a white dwarf, neutron star or black hole. The compressed star pulls off gaseous material from its companion, heating it to a million degrees...

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Quick Turnaround to Barnard’s Star

A relativistic trip to Barnard's Star? Those who read French will want to check out the log of such a journey as Philippe Guglielmetti sees it. Traveling at a constant 1g for acceleration and braking, the mission reaches 0.99999 c, travel time twelve years but only three as experienced by the crew. The fictionalized journey plays fast and loose with the star itself, as Adam Crowl notes in a comment below, but the trip is fun even with my rusty French. Have a look.

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Seeing an Empty Cosmos

Michael Anissimov looks out at a universe devoid of intelligence other than our own. Here's a clip, referring to Frank Tipler's 1980 paper "Extraterrestrial intelligent beings do not exist": It was quite a few years ago when I looked up to the stars, with Dr. Tipler's book in my hand, that I realized he was right - the stars are empty, ready to be harvested and spun into pure energy with the help of gravitational singularity goodness. No aliens, green bug-eyed ones or otherwise, are waiting there to be inconvenienced. And this: Luckily, hypertelescopes may finally put the nail in the coffin of SETI - perhaps 100 years from now. We will be able to see even the simplest of flora, if they exist in large numbers on exoplanets. (Though what we should really be looking for are Dyson spheres or disappearing stars, and as far as we can tell, there are absolutely none.) After we look at a good thousand earth-sized objects and see nothing there but vast, dead wastes, we'll start getting used...

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New Horizons Primes for Jupiter

The New Horizons mission may have one primary target, the Pluto/Charon binary at the edge of the Kuiper Belt, but the science along the way should be interesting indeed. Up next in late February is the Jupiter flyby, whose powerful gravity assist will boost New Horizons' velocity past 23 km/s and provide the needed stress tests to put onboard instrumentation through its paces and refine the methods for data collection. But there's plenty to do in Jupiter space beyond setting up for the 2015 Pluto encounter. For one thing, Jupiter's magnetosphere extends far beyond the planet itself, and New Horizons will be the first probe to move along the 'tail' of this stream of charged particles. These studies will complement the earlier magnetosphere work of Cassini and Galileo. All told, 700 observations of Jupiter and the Galilean moons are planned, with data gathering from January through June, including looks at the ring system and a close-up look at the 'Little Red Spot' the storm that's...

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Of Fermi and Slow Probes

Some day alien civilizations may pick up television or radio signals from Earth. But does this mean they're likely to visit us? Danish researcher Rasmus Bjørk (Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen) doubts it. "Even then, unless they can develop an exotic form of transport that gets them across the galaxy in two weeks it's still going to take millions of years to find us," says Bjørk in an article in The Guardian. "There are so many stars in the galaxy that probably life could exist elsewhere, but will we ever get in contact with them? Not in our lifetime." Bjørk is in the news because he set up a computer simulation to investigate how long it would take to explore the galaxy. Suppose we build eight probes which, along the way, send out eight more mini-probes, all headed for different stars that are likely to have life. Bjørk's plan is to search only within the galactic habitable zone, to use flyby probes only, and to fan out the spacecraft at one tenth the speed of light. The aim is to...

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Deflating Scientific Prose

What's wrong with scientific papers? Ask physicist and science fiction author Gregory Benford, who tackles the question in a wonderful pastiche for COSMOS. "The sad truth is that hardly anybody ever reads a paper all the way through," Benford writes. "A study by a British physics journal showed that the average number who get through the whole paper was 0.5 - and that included the author! Apparently, most scientists can't bear to reread their own work." Benford's 'study' appears under the title "How to write an awesome scientific paper." Using the nom de guerre Bea Realist, he skewers over-inflated prose and bloated egos without mercy. A sample, touching on the awful overuse of the passive voice: The scientist is, by his reliance on the passive voice, hobbled, leading to sentences like this one, in which the subject, a lumpy noun, is acted upon by pallid adjectives and wan verbs, all without ever saying exactly who the action is done by, so that the sentences get longer and longer as...

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‘Cosmic Search’ Available Online

It's a pleasure to see that Cosmic Search is now accessible on the Internet. Appearing first in 1979, this magazine devoted solely to SETI was well ahead of its time, trying to generate interest in a popular audience that had not yet become familiar with the concepts driving the search for life in the universe. In those days long before SETI@Home, I learned about Cosmic Search through the Society of Amateur Radio Astronomers, a group I had joined in the mistaken belief that I had could create my own receiving station and do interesting science. That hope was never realized, a victim of my clumsiness with hardware, and I contented myself with reading and learning. Cosmic Search was a true gift, covering the range of SETI investigations and stuffed with reading from the likes of Philip Morrison, Frank Drake, Ronald Bracewell and many other familiar names. Go to the site, where you can scroll through the listings and see for yourself how SETI looked 25 years ago. Cosmic Search will...

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Red Dwarf Flares and Habitability

Only recently has the idea of habitable planets around red dwarf stars taken hold. But it's a fascinating one, especially if you take a look at the potential window for life to develop on such worlds. M-class red dwarfs live anywhere from 50 billion up to several trillion years, a vast stretch compared with our own Sun's projected ten billion years. And with 75 percent of main sequence stars thought to be red dwarfs, the hunt for life can be expanded enormously if we add red dwarfs to the mix. But getting a stable environment for that life to develop is another matter, for planets in the habitable zone around such stars would be close enough to their primaries to be tidally locked, with one side always in sunlight, the other in darkness. The thought of a frozen dark side and a scalded day side isn't pretty. It wasn't until the late 1990s that models of heat transport within the atmosphere developed that could even out these stark extremes. Now it looks as though habitable worlds...

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Gravity’s Rainbow Revisited

'Gravity's rainbow' calls to mind a novel by Thomas Pynchon, but in this case I'm thinking less in literary terms than scientific ones. Let's talk about the full spectrum of views on the subject of gravity itself. It's always a pertinent question because we can make sense out of the universe, up to a point, using Einstein's understanding of gravity. But when we get down to the quantum level, we have no insights into what happens at the atomic level and below. Thus the search for a 'quantum theory of gravity,' one we're likely to be a long time establishing. In that context, two quotes caught my eye over the weekend. The first is from Freeman Dyson, from a short piece that's now published in his new collection of essays called The Scientist as Rebel (an unfortunate title in this context, and one I suspect a marketer rather than Dyson chose). Dyson had been discussing "...those who build grand castles in the air and those who prefer to lay one brick at a time on solid ground," and he...

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Planetary Birth Around AU Mic

The news from AU Microscopii couldn't be more interesting, but I'm late getting to it simply because the recent American Astronomical Society meeting left us with so many good things to talk about (wish I could have been there!). But we'll be examining this red dwarf, 33 light years away in the constellation Microscopium (the Microscope) for a long time because it's so useful for study. It's close enough for the Hubble Space Telescope to image it with excellent resolution, and we know from such studies that the star is encircled by a debris disk. Check the image below, where you can see that the disk is nearly edge on as seen from Earth. Image: The dust and debris disk surrounding the star AU Microscopii, as imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope. The lines indicate the polarization of starlight reflected from the disk, which reveals the porosity or fluffiness of the dust grains. The disk is about 120 astronomical units (AU) across, where one AU is equivalent to the distance between...

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Images of Project Orion

On his Crowlspace site, Adam Crowl points us to the artwork of Rhys Taylor, a remarkably gifted graphic artist in the U.K. Taylor has created a series of Project Orion images from the nuclear pulse propulsion studies conducted in the late 1950s and early 1960s (and I presume he's unrelated to Project Orion leader Ted Taylor). Check this animation of an Orion launch, for example, or click here for Taylor's gallery of other Orion art, including (my favorite) Orion at Enceladus. The Saturnian moon was once considered a prime destination for an early Orion mission. Taylor's work is lovely indeed. Now if I can just get Adam to explain the term 'gob-smacked.'

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An Interstellar Origin for ‘Black Diamonds’?

Carbonados, also known as 'black diamonds,' are a far cry from the kind of diamonds that adorn a wedding ring. They're gray to black in color, lack the beautiful crystaline structure of standard diamonds, and usually wind up being used in industrial settings for their abrasive qualities. And now we're learning why these somewhat nondescript objects aren't found in the usual places for diamond mining. Their origin may lie not within the Earth but in interstellar space. Or so say Jozsef Garai and Stephen Haggerty (Florida International University) in a recently published paper. Working with researchers from Case Western, the team used infrared synchrotron radiation at Brookhaven National Laboratory to analyze carbonado samples, finding enough hydrogen to indicate an origin in hydrogen-rich interstellar space. Haggerty has, in fact, conducted earlier research showing that these diamonds are the result of supernovae explosions, and that they arrived on Earth as objects originally a...

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A Planet-Spanning Tempest

For some 'hot Jupiters,' at least, changes in the weather aren't much of an issue. In a new study presented at the American Astronomical Society meeting in Seattle, three Jupiter-class planets orbiting within five million miles of their host stars were found to have remarkably similar temperatures globally, even though they're tidally locked. You would expect that a planet with one side turned perpetually toward its star would show considerable temperature variation between the day and night sides, but that does not appear to be the case. "We can't say for sure that we've ruled out significant day-night temperature differences, but it seems unlikely there is a very big contrast based on our measurements and what we know about these systems," said Eric Agol (University of Washington). Agol is lead scientist for the project, which used the Spitzer Space Telescope to measure infrared light from the three systems at eight different positions in their orbits. The study showed no infrared...

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Fast Track to 200 AU

Getting a probe to 200 AU from the Sun 'as fast as possible' is what Innovative Interstellar Explorer is all about. The mission represents a current look at an idea that has been kicking around the space community for about thirty years now -- an interstellar precursor mission that would get us into the interstellar medium with an instrument package specifically designed for its study. The goals are laid out in a recent article in The Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets which has been made available online. The mission offers rich possibilities. At the top of the agenda is to explore the interstellar medium and study the properties of interstellar gas, the interstellar magnetic field, low-energy cosmic rays and interstellar dust. But the complex interactions between the Solar System and the space through which it travels are a major area for research as well. And learning more about the region immediately beyond the heliosphere can tell us much about the origin of the Solar System and...

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Bussard and Fusion: A Practical Alternative

Some time later this month a paper by Robert Bussard should become available [Addendum: The paper is already available here -- thanks to a sharp-eyed reader for the tip]. You'll want to pay attention when it appears, because Bussard has spent well over a decade at Energy Matter Conversion Corporation (EMC2), a San Diego company he co-founded, working on devices that could be the most practical approach to fusion ever developed. They're cheap, small and produce helium as their only waste product. Bussard believes they could be commercially viable in six to twelve years. And he has never made any secret of his wish that reliable fusion engines will one day explore deep space. But of course fusion's other benefits are equally immense, from improving the environment to ending nuclear waste production, replacing coal, oil and gas-burning power plants with clean energy that will stabilize industrial economies. He spelled all this out in a presentation now available as a downloadable video,...

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Life on Mars? Round 2 from Viking

The buzz about the Viking landers continues. Yesterday at the American Astronomical Society's meeting in Seattle, two scientists argued that we can reinterpret the data from the Vikings' 30-year old mission in the light of recent findings regarding life in extreme conditions on Earth. Doing so leads to an intriguing possibility: Viking may have found microbes that use water and hydrogen peroxide to survive in the cold, dry Martian climate. The researchers are Dirk Schulze-Makuch (Washington State) and Joop Houtkooper (Justus-Liebig-University, Germany). Here's a link to an early article on this work that explains the beauties of hydrogen peroxide in this scenario. For one thing, its freezing point is low, but even better is the fact that when its temperature drops, it doesn't form the kind of crystals that can destroy cell structures, as water by itself would. But how do you protect a cell from the corrosive effects of hydrogen peroxide? From the article: Schulze-Makuch said that...

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A Defense Against Planetary Attack

Normally the term 'planetary defense' conjures up images of an incoming asteroid, spotting (let's hope) way out in the Solar System. The defense mounted against pending disaster might involve nudging the asteroid gently out of its current trajectory so that it misses the Earth. Various scenarios come to mind for managing this, but all involve getting to the dangerous object in plenty of time so that technologies not so different from what we have today will be effective at ending the threat. With that in mind, I did a double-take when I saw the cover of An Introduction to Planetary Defense, by Travis Taylor, Bob Boan, Charles Anding and Thomas Conley Powell. The book, published by BrownWalker Press at the end of 2006, bears this subtitle: A Study of Modern Warfare Applied to Extra-Terrestrial Invasion. A jeu d'espirit based on SF themes? Hardly. The authors are familiar names whose work has resonance. Taylor, for example, has worked for NASA and the Department of Defense for sixteen...

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Remembering ‘The Midnight Sun’

A recent post by Greg Laughlin on his systemic site triggers memories of a Twilight Zone episode called 'The Midnight Sun.' Laughlin (UC-SC) was speculating about what would happen to the Earth's orbit if the Solar System were disrupted by another star. That inevitably called up the still vivid image of two women sweltering in a New York apartment (one of them, the actress Lois Nettleton, is pictured above). The plot: The Earth has moved closer to the Sun, and all hell is about to break loose. Here's Rod Serling's introduction, following the brief introductory scene: "The word that Mrs. Bronson is unable to put into the hot, still, sodden air is 'doomed,' because the people you've just seen have been handed a death sentence. One month ago, the Earth suddenly changed its elliptical orbit and in doing so began to follow a path which gradually, moment by moment, day by day, took it closer to the Sun. And all of man's little devices to stir up the air are now no longer luxuries - they...

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Lakes on Titan

'Titan's Lakes Revealed' says the stunning cover of the current issue of Nature. The news isn't really a surprise -- remember that as Huygens approached Titan, there was still some question about whether or not the probe might not splash down in a sea of liquid methane. But here is the hard evidence, culled from the July 22 Titan flyby. The dark patches Cassini 'saw' on radar show little radar reflectivity and, when you add in topographical features, bear the clear signature of lakes. For me, the news evokes a long-ago time when I was growing up in St. Louis. Among my father's books was an old, leather-bound atlas that dated back to the late 19th Century. And one day as I browsed through various maps, I saw the thrilling word 'unexplored' in one corner of the Mato Grosso region of western Brazil. Filling in a map and tracing the great saga of exploration is one of humanity's great themes, one we now extend to entire worlds. That 'Titan's Lakes' headline took me right back to a...

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Philosophia Naturalis: A Science Carnival

Chris Rowan, who writes Highly Allochthonous, a fine weblog with an earth sciences bent, has now put together Philosophia Naturalis #5, a carnival of weblog entries from various scientific disciplines. Don't miss this, because Chris links to numerous science blogs with high-quality content, covering everything from the topology of the universe to the top breakthroughs in nanotechnology for 2006. Can the universe usefully be described as a computer? Is string theory a blind alley? You'll find plenty to read here. What I appreciate about the ongoing 'carnival' idea is that it collects good writing that I would otherwise have missed and leads me to science bloggers I want to read again. While you're at Chris' site, be sure to read his thoughts about water on Mars and the alternatives to the liquid water hypothesis. This is yet another blog I will add to my RSS aggregator.

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Charter

In Centauri Dreams, Paul Gilster looks at peer-reviewed research on deep space exploration, with an eye toward interstellar possibilities. For many years this site coordinated its efforts with the Tau Zero Foundation. It now serves as an independent forum for deep space news and ideas. In the logo above, the leftmost star is Alpha Centauri, a triple system closer than any other star, and a primary target for early interstellar probes. To its right is Beta Centauri (not a part of the Alpha Centauri system), with Beta, Gamma, Delta and Epsilon Crucis, stars in the Southern Cross, visible at the far right (image courtesy of Marco Lorenzi).

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