Centaurs and their Implications

One of the themes I often use in my talks is the 'filling out' of our picture of the Solar System. In addition to the asteroid belt, we've added the icy bodies of the Kuiper Belt and the vast expanse of the Oort Cloud into what once seemed a relatively simple, nine-planet solar system. I could easily add to the ranks the population of so-called 'Centaurs,' small bodies that populate the space between the giant planets and show characteristics of both comets and asteroids. 10199 Chariklo is the largest Centaur yet discovered (260 kilometers in diameter), and Saturn's moon Phoebe may be a captured Centaur, in which case images of it from the Cassini orbiter offer us our first detailed view of such an object. Both Chiron (discovered in 1977) and 60558 Echeclus show signs of a cometary coma; both are classified as asteroids and comets (as is 166P/NEAT). Although differences in definition exist, most agree that Centaurs orbit the Sun between Neptune and Jupiter and eventually cross the...

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Interstellar Visioneers

What does it take to conceive a new vision of the future and drive the idea forward? Keith Cooper, editor of Astronomy Now as well as Principium, the journal of the Institute for Interstellar Studies, examines the question in the context of a new book. Grand ideas aren't enough, for the commitment to build community and expand the audience for a breakthrough are the necessary foundation. What Gerard O'Neill and Eric Drexler can teach us about this and how their example may inform the future choices of the interstellar movement are at the heart of Keith's review. Along the way come many questions, especially this: Is a 'failure of nerve to play the long game' what is holding us back as we contemplate a future among the stars? by Keith Cooper In 1972, a think-tank of businessmen, politicians, economists, scientists and bureaucrats going by the name 'The Club of Rome' (they held their first meeting in the Italian capital in 1968) painted a picture of a dystopian future where by the year...

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On Memory and Destinations

There was a time when people collected old photographs in drawers and photo albums, a time before the digital age when you wasted three or four shots getting just the one you wanted, and the perishability of film was born home every time you saw colors fading on an old image. Yesterday I browsed through black and white snapshots of family members long gone, pictures taken in the 1920s and 1930s, and thought about how we try to preserve memory by framing a moment. Then I thought about how July 19, 2013 was itself going to be preserved, a celestial alignment snatched from time as seen from deep in the Solar System. Carolyn Porco, who serves as imaging team leader for the Cassini Saturn orbiter, calls July 19 'a day for all the world to celebrate.' Cassini will look back at our planet and snap our picture in natural color next to the fabulous system of rings and moons it's been showing us all along. Thus a pixel from Cassini's 1.44 billion kilometers will become an opportunity for...

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Exoplanet Targets in Nearby Space

I'm a coffee fanatic. Not only do I drink a lot of the stuff, but I roast my own beans and love fiddling with roasting times and fan speeds, trying to hit exactly the right note. And with a just-brewed carafe of Burundi by my side this morning, it's natural enough that I would be drawn to an exoplanet tool called ESPRESSO. Echelle SPectrograph or Rocky Exoplanet and Stable Spectroscopic Observations is the next generation spectrograph for the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope, which has already played such a huge role in finding distant worlds. Using the HARPS spectrograph, the VLT already holds the record for most exoplanet discoveries from equipment on the ground. Upgraded with ESPRESSO, the VLT should be primed for even more fine-tuned radial velocity measurements. HARPS was designed to get us down to about the 1 m/s level, although its effective precision is considerably tighter. But we're still not in range of Earth-like planets in the habitable zone. The...

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Starship Century, Part Two

Adam Crowl concludes his discussion of the recent Starship Century conference in San Diego. Videos from the session are now becoming available online. by Adam Crowl Lunch at the Starship Century Symposium was provided by UCSD, allowing attendees to remain nearby, adding to the discussion and trading of ideas and concerns. Certainly I appreciated the chance to catch up with friends and faces from the other side of the Pacific, as well as meeting new people. Having read people's novels, books or scientific papers for years, then meeting them on Facebook or email, I felt like I knew some of them already. Meeting authors that I had grown up with like Larry Niven, Joe Haldeman or David Brin was something I was getting used to, as I was more eager to discuss their interstellar ideas than succumb to fan-shock. I finally had my ideas about Larry Niven's fusion-shield, from his "Known Space" stories, confirmed by the source, but didn't quite get to talk to David Brin about the Fermi Paradox...

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Report from Starship Century

We're fortunate to have had Centauri Dreams regular Adam Crowl not just as an attendee but a speaker at the recent Starship Century symposium in San Diego. Here Adam, in the first of a two-part report, gives us a look at the speakers and their ideas. With regards to comments, please note: In the last week we've had a lengthy discussion of inclusivity in the space community that has absorbed two comment threads. Anyone who wants to continue that discussion can do so in our Facebook group. On this site we need to get back on topic, in this case, the ideas on interstellar flight presented at this conference and where they take us. by Adam Crowl The Starship is still about 100 years away, but we will begin building it this century. This was the message that Gregory Benford and his mirror-twin, James Benford, were proclaiming together in San Diego, with the help of notables of both science and science fiction. And me. Just how I got involved is another story. Suffice it to say that I know...

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A Sunny Day on a ‘Super-Earth’?

When a distant planet moves in front of its star as seen from Earth, the slight drop in starlight is often enough to allow sensitive instruments to make a detection. We call the degree to which the star's light is diminished the 'transit depth,' and even with transiting gas giants, the figure is usually on the order of one percent. What we're getting at is the ratio of the area of the planet to the area of the star behind it. The transit depth of the 'hot Jupiter' HD 189733b is unusually large at three percent. Obviously both a planet's size and the the size of the star come into play. In the case of the super-Earth GJ3470b, the primary star is relatively nearby and is also an M-dwarf, allowing greater transit depth and propelling a series of investigations from the ground. GJ3470b orbits its star at 0.036 AU, completing its orbit in a mere 3.3 days. The new work, led by Akihiko Fukui and Norio Narita (NAOJ), along with Kenji Kuroda (University of Tokyo), looks at the atmosphere of a...

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Testing Out Pulsar Navigation

Tracking spacecraft from Earth is an increasingly cumbersome issue as we continue to add new vehicles into the mix. The Deep Space Network can track a Voyager at the edge of the Solar System, but using round-trip times and the Doppler shift of the signal is a less than optimal solution for accurate tracking. What we'd like is a method that would allow the spacecraft to calculate its position on its own, taking precise readings from some system of celestial markers. Pulsars have been in the mix in this thinking for some time. After all, these remnants of stars rotate at high speed and put out radiation beams that blink on and off at regular intervals. They've been called 'celestial lighthouses' because of this effect, and they're usefully consistent, producing their pulses in intervals that vary from milliseconds to seconds. The easiest analogy is with the global positioning system, and in this recent article in IEEE Spectrum (thanks to Frank Smith for the pointer), that's exactly how...

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Public Engagement in Deep Space

Congratulations to Icarus Interstellar, which with five days to go has easily surpassed its goal of raising $10,000 on Kickstarter. The campaign supports the Starship Congress to be held in Dallas August 15-18 at the Anatole Hilton Conference Center. It is described on the Kickstarter page as "...a forum where scientists, physicists, engineers, researchers, urban designers, representatives from international space programs and present-day commercial space operators, as well as popular and well-known interstellar speakers and space journalists share their visions for how the future of spaceflight and interstellar exploration is to unfold." The Kickstarter description also includes a quick refresher on Project Icarus itself, the main goals of which are: To design a credible interstellar probe that is a concept design for a potential mission this century; To allow a direct technology comparison with Daedalus and provide an assesment of the maturity of fusion-based space propulsion for...

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Iain Banks: An Appreciation

The all too early death of Iain Banks conjures up so many images from his books that I can't begin to list them all here. Grant his sly word-play, his wit, his deft management of character and you're still left with a sense of gratitude for the sheer poetry of his landscapes. In Look to Windward, a character named Kabe walks the streets of blacked out city, down along a dark canal whose quayside is softened by snow. Then he looks up and the universe rotates: The snow was easing now. Spinwards, over the city center and the still more distant mountains, the clouds were parting, revealing a few of the brighter stars as the weather system cleared. A thin, dimly glowing line directly above -- coming and going as the clouds moved slowly overhead -- was far-side light. No aircraft or ships that he could see. Even the birds of the air seemed to have stayed in their roosts. Spinwards... We're on one of Banks' 'orbitals,' space habitats formed as enormous rings millions of kilometers in...

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Philosophy of the Starship: A Report

Stephen Ashworth's April essay at Astronautical Evolution deals with a question of considerable scientific interest: When will Voyager 1 leave the Solar System? But writer, researcher and jazz saxophonist Ashworth also has a philosophical streak, writing articles so far this year on the prospects for a technological singularity, the role of space in a society threatened with ecological disruption, and the business model best suited for manned spaceflight. In this essay, Stephen brings us a report from a recent seminar that mixes philosophy and starships, with consequential questions about autonomous technology, the role of discovery in combating intellectual stagnation, and the geopolitics of deep space exploration. by Stephen Ashworth The Institute for Interstellar Studies plans to run a symposium annually at the British Interplanetary Society's headquarters in London. The first of these events took place on 29 May, dedicated to the philosophy of the starship, and was organized by...

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Exoplanet Science Beyond JWST

Thinking as we have been about exoplanet detection, and in particular about taking the next steps beyond the James Webb Space Telescope, I'm intrigued to see what has happened with the WFIRST mission. After all, despite the successes of Kepler and ESA's CoRoT, we live in an era when mission cancellation is not uncommon. The Space Interferometry Mission was canceled outright, while Terrestrial Planet Finder, long touted as the way we would home in on nearby planets like our own, has been put into indefinite suspension. The JWST is on the horizon, but interesting new possibilities are now bubbling up around WFIRST, the Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope. A mission with a dark energy pedigree could now have serious exoplanet implications. In Exoplanet Capabilities of WFIRST-2.4, Philip Horzempa looks at the latest design to emerge for this mission, one that takes us much deeper into exoplanet country than I had thought the mission could. After all, WFIRST was conceived as a way of...

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Deeper Into the Golden Age

The golden age of exoplanets? I've often described our time as such, referring to the fact that we're finding planets at such a fast clip and learning so quickly about the wide range of planetary systems out there, including those with 'hot Jupiters' and 'super-Earths.' But the next step in the discovery process is a bit murkier. If we're learning how exoplanets are distributed -- and even with a hobbled Kepler, we still have a great deal of data still to be analyzed -- we're not yet ready to take the spectra of exoplanet atmospheres on conceivably habitable worlds. This is important, because light scattering off an atmosphere bears the signature of things like water vapor, oxygen, methane and carbon dioxide, the right combination of which could signal life. And just as Kepler is useful at developing a statistical read on the distribution of smaller planets, so we'll want to have a way to measure the frequency of worlds that actually do bear life. It's a problem Lee Billings notes in...

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Gravitational Lensing in Proxima Planet Hunt

I normally think about gravitational lensing as a way of finding planets that are a long way from home. That's just the nature of the beast: Lensing as an exoplanet detection tool depends upon a star with planets moving in front of a background object, its mass 'bending' space enough to cause slight changes to the image of the farther star. Monitor those changes closely enough and you may see the signature of a second disruption, flagging the presence of a planet around the closer star. Occultations like these are rare enough and more likely to be found in a crowded starfield, such as looking toward galactic center. It's a remarkable fact that instruments like the Hubble Space Telescope can make measurements down to 0.2 milliarcseconds, a milliarcsecond being (as this Space Telescope Science Institute news release notes) the angular width of a nickel in Honolulu when viewed from New York City. Comparable measurements, within range of the European Southern Observatory's Very Large...

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Civilizations Beyond Earth: A Different Angle

What kind of assumptions do we bring to SETI, and how are those assumptions changing? Tau Zero's Larry Klaes has some thoughts on that, along with suggestions about what a new book on the subject may want to include in its second edition. By Larry Klaes SETI, the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, has traditionally operated on the premise that there may be beings in the Milky Way galaxy and beyond who are smart, aware, and interested enough to deliberately attempt to contact other similarly advanced societies in the Universe. The primary purpose for such an effort would be to alert any potential celestial neighbors to their presence for the exchange of information and ideas about themselves, their home world, and their take on existence. Their methods of transmission would include certain forms of electromagnetic radiation which the various parties should have in common, such as radio and light waves. This Messaging to Extraterrestrial Intelligences, or METI, is considered to...

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SETI’s Colossus

For the most part, the focus of SETI since Project Ozma has been directed at intercepting signals deliberately sent our way. It doesn’t have to be so, of course, because extraneous signals from a civilization going about its business would also be profoundly interesting, and even a civilization not much more advanced than ours might be throwing off powerful evidence of its existence through the planetary radars it uses to detect potential impactors in its own system. Whether or not the Ohio State WOW! signal was a SETI detection remains unresolved, but I always think back to the original Cocconi and Morrison paper “Searching for Interstellar Communications,” published in Nature in 1959. Neither man could know in that year whether exoplanets even existed, but it was a reasonable supposition, and technology had advanced to the point where detecting SETI signals was consistent with all we knew. And as the duo wrote: “The probability of success is difficult to estimate, but if we never...

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Oceans Under the Ice Worlds?

One of the things we're going to be looking for at Pluto is evidence of a sub-surface ocean. About eighteen months ago I wrote about the work of Guillaume Robuchon and Francis Nimmo (University of California at Santa Cruz). With Pluto's outer surface thought to be a thin shell of nitrogen ice covering a shell of water ice, these researchers have been asking what surface features might flag an ocean deep inside. An equatorial bulge left over from the days when Pluto was spinning more rapidly - or the lack of one - could be the evidence they're looking for. The thinking is this: Such a bulge could be as much as 10 kilometers high and New Horizons should be able to spot it. The presence of the bulge would indicate no ocean beneath, for the movement of liquid water would over time have reduced or eliminated the protrusion. But if New Horizons finds instead evidence of tensional stresses, indicating the outer shell was stretched because of temperature changes over time, then the...

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The Angle on Pluto

The progress of New Horizons through the outer Solar System has me thinking back to Voyager's great encounters. In 1986, when Voyager 2 whisked past Uranus, I was about to head off for a weekend of intensive work as a flight instructor -- a client we had contracted with had a large number of pilots in need of recurrent training, and I knew I would be in the cockpit well into each night, as indeed I was. Those long days and the memory of Voyager at Uranus are, of course, tinged with the explosion of Challenger, which took place a scant four days after Voyager's closest approach to the planet. We were all riveted by the coverage of the event but could only catch it in between training flights, but I remember trying to keep my mind off the fallen Shuttle as we dealt with constantly challenging weather over Maryland and West Virginia. And it was only later that I was able to really sit down and go over the images from Uranus, whose system of moons had always intrigued me -- it has...

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Supporting Starship Congress

Following last week's highly successful Starship Century conference, I'm looking forward to the Starship Congress coming up in August under the auspices of Icarus Interstellar. Be aware that there is a Kickstarter campaign now in place to support the event and the organization. From the description: Icarus Interstellar, a non-profit organization dedicated to achieving interstellar spaceflight by the end of the century, will facilitate such a forum as a means for allowing individuals to present and share knowledge and ideas among colleagues within the space exploration community. As an organization run by volunteers, Icarus Interstellar is reaching out to space enthusiasts and supporters to assist in funding this important event, which will incur significant expenses pertaining to venue rental, A/V technical requirements, live streaming of the conference, featured guest speaker travel procurement, and marketing. I've just made my own contribution and hope you'll consider doing the...

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An Open Question on Priorities for Interstellar Efforts

At the 2012 100YSS Symposium, Heath Rezabek presented what he calls the 'Vessel Archives' proposal, a strategy for sustaining and conveying Earth's cultural and biological heritage that was directly inspired by Gregory Benford's Library of Life proposal (preprint available here). Heath tells me his major concern is in "improving the prospects for Earth-originating life through the longevity of our interstellar aspirations and through the application of advanced discoveries to enhance life's prospects on Earth." Independent of his role as Outreach and Collaborations Coordinator for Icarus Interstellar's Starship Congress 2013, he is also an accepted presenter for that conference. Recently Heath contacted me about a research project he is conducting with implications for the interstellar community, as explained below. In his non-interstellar work, Heath Rezabek (MLIS) is a futurist librarian, technology grants coordinator, writer, and systems designer. He lives in Austin, TX, where he...

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Charter

In Centauri Dreams, Paul Gilster looks at peer-reviewed research on deep space exploration, with an eye toward interstellar possibilities. For many years this site coordinated its efforts with the Tau Zero Foundation. It now serves as an independent forum for deep space news and ideas. In the logo above, the leftmost star is Alpha Centauri, a triple system closer than any other star, and a primary target for early interstellar probes. To its right is Beta Centauri (not a part of the Alpha Centauri system), with Beta, Gamma, Delta and Epsilon Crucis, stars in the Southern Cross, visible at the far right (image courtesy of Marco Lorenzi).

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