The Arthur C. Clarke Center for Human Imagination is launching in May with what it describes as a 'series of perspectives' on what we can expect in the coming century. Its inaugural symposium begins on May 14 at the University of California at San Diego with discussions on design, artificial intelligence, synthetic life and science studies and thoughts from writers Jonathan Lethem and Kim Stanley Robinson on the literary imagination. But those with interstellar interests will want to put days 2 and 3 (May 21, 22) on their calendar, when the Starship Century Symposium convenes on the same site. Gregory and James Benford have coordinated the latter event with the Clarke Center and will use it to present ideas on our possibilities among the stars as presented in their upcoming book Starship Century. Speakers will include prominent science fiction writers as well as many of the scientists most actively engaged in thinking about starflight. Thus we have Pete Worden (NASA Ames) as well as...
Water Worlds in the Habitable Zone
"The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, But in ourselves, that we are underlings." Thus Cassius speaking to Brutus in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar, trying to convince him that what happens to us comes not from some malign fate but from our own actions. I'm sure he's right, too, but I admit there are days when I wonder. For the stars seem aligned in such a way that whenever there is a significant news conference about exoplanets, I have a schedule conflict. This is true yet again today, so that I'm writing before the NASA-hosted news briefing and will have to set this up to post automatically after the embargo expires. Here, though, are the main points. We have found Kepler 62f, an interesting world about 1.4 times the size of Earth and most likely rocky. When you add up the other known facts about the planet, the attention builds. Discovered through Kepler data in the constellation Lyra, this world receives about half the heat and radiation that the Earth does, while orbiting...
Finding ET in the Data
As we saw yesterday, the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) has been the source of data for a number of searches for unusual infrared signatures. The idea is to look for the artifacts of advanced extraterrestrial civilizations, under the assumption that a sufficiently advanced culture will be capable of engineering projects that could be detected from light years away. A Dyson sphere, existing either as a completely enclosed star or as a swarm of artifacts around a star, is but one example of such engineering, but it's a sensible one to look for because it represents a way to maximize energy. It's also theoretically detectable because of waste heat in the infrared. These days, though, we have not just IRAS but the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) and the Spitzer space telescope providing us with infrared data. Richard Carrigan's pioneering work on interstellar archaeology is now complemented by searches funded by the New Frontiers in Astronomy & Cosmology program, set...
Archaeology on an Interstellar Scale
Dyson spheres -- technology wrapped around an entire star to maximize energy use -- would be unimaginably big. But the idea of maximizing the light from a central star certainly makes sense. Imagine a sphere with a radius at the distance of Earth’s orbit. Now you’ve got a surface area more than 100 million times what’s available on our planet, a sensational venue for science fiction if nothing else. And you’re certainly changing the energy equation -- our total power consumption today is the equivalent of about 0.01 percent of the sunlight falling on Earth, according to a new article in New Scientist. Keep energy demand growing at 1 percent per year and in a single millennium we’ll need more energy than strikes the surface of the planet. Moving power generation into space is certainly something that would motivate a civilization a good deal more advanced than our own, and using abundant asteroid material, it could spread power generation entirely around the star. Stephen Battersby,...
Europa: Sulfates and Landing Sites
Last week's post about the chemistry of Europa's ocean is nicely complemented by new work on the moon's interior by Brad Dalton (JPL) and colleagues. Like JPL's Kevin Hand, who has been looking at the role of hydrogen peroxide in possible subsurface life there, Dalton is in the hunt for ways to learn more about the composition of Europa's ocean. Both scientists have been using data from the Galileo mission, refining its results to produce new insights. Usefully, the surface chemistry on Europa is affected by the charged particles continually striking the tiny world. That allows us to get a read on which parts of Europa would be the best targets for future spacecraft missions, for Dalton's work helps us find the places where charged particles have had the smallest impact. It's there -- on parts of the leading hemisphere in Europa's orbit -- that material from within the ocean is most likely to be found in pristine condition, with the least chemical processing by incoming charged...
Starship Congress
No stranger to these pages, Richard Obousy is president and senior scientist for Icarus Interstellar, which among other things is engaged in the ambitious redesign of Project Daedalus. But the organization has more on its plate than a fusion-powered starship. From worldships to lightsails, Icarus Interstellar is probing the possibilities both near-term and far, all of which will be discussed at an upcoming gathering of the interstellar community that Richard now describes. by Richard Obousy Starship Congress is the interstellar summit that Icarus Interstellar is hosting this summer in Dallas, August 15-18. As an event, Starship Congress will play host and give voice to a wide variety of interstellar organizations and distinguished proponents from the interstellar community. Registration for Starship Congress is now open on Icarus Interstellar's website. A call-for-papers has been made with selected presenter's papers to be published in a special Starship Congress-dedicated issue of...
The Era of Planet Gathering
We've looked at a couple of exoplanet issues this week that bear further comment. The first is that different detection methods can be usefully combined to cover different scenarios. If radial velocity works best with larger planets closer to their star, direct imaging takes us deep into the outer planetary system. We saw yesterday how both imaging and radial velocity could be used to probe subgiant stars. We routinely use RV as a check on transiting planet candidates. And gravitational microlensing can find planets at a wide range of separation from their primary. I think microlensing has plenty to teach us, though I'm sensitive to the criticism voiced in comments here that we're dealing with non-repeating events when we have a microlensing detection. Centauri Dreams reader coolstar has also noted that distance may be a factor, questioning whether some of the resources by way of telescope hardware that we're putting into microlensing studies wouldn't be better employed looking at...
Planetary Systems Around Subgiant Stars
Our exoplanet detection methods have their limits. Radial velocity studies work great in the inner regions of planetary systems, but become more challenging as we move away from the star. Direct imaging is the reverse -- we’re most likely to see a distant planet if it’s both large and well separated from the primary. Clearly we need to take the best data from each available method to characterize a planetary system. But direct images are rare and some stars -- A-class in particular -- are tricky for RV studies because of jitter and other problems. If you want to get in close to an intermediate mass star to look for planets or a debris disk, the way to do it seems to be to study ‘retired’ stars sitting on the subgiant branch of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. These are stars that have slowed or stopped fusing hydrogen in their cores. Core contraction raises the star’s temperature enough to fuse hydrogen in a shell surrounding the core and the star begins to swell up toward giant...
The Chemistry of Europa’s Ocean
The news that hydrogen peroxide is found across much of the surface of Europa is intriguing. The global ocean beneath the moon’s icy crust would turn hydrogen peroxide into oxygen, assuming there is some mixing between the surface and the ocean. We don’t know if that mixing occurs, but if it does, then we may be looking at a useful chemical energy source for life. Given that I spent much of last week writing about Arthur C. Clarke, this thought invariably brings up a recent viewing of 2010: Odyssey II and the injunction beamed to Earth: “All these worlds are yours except Europa. Attempt no landing there.” Europa is increasingly irresistible the more we learn about it. Here’s Kevin Hand (Jet Propulsion Laboratory) on the question of hydrogen peroxide’s possible role: "Life as we know it needs liquid water, elements like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur, and it needs some form of chemical or light energy to get the business of life done. Europa has the liquid water and elements,...
TESS: A Full-Sky Exoplanet Survey
The news that NASA has approved the TESS mission kept my mood elevated all weekend. TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite) has been the logical NASA follow-up to Kepler ever since the Space Interferometry Mission was canceled in 2010. The point is that Kepler looks at a field of stars with the goal of developing a statistical analysis, helping us (ultimately) to home in on the value for ?Earth (Eta_Earth), the fraction of stars orbited by planets like the Earth. To do this, Kepler is looking out along the Orion Arm of the galaxy, with almost all the stars in its field of view between 600 and 3000 light years away. In fact, fewer than one percent of Kepler’s 156,000 stars are closer than 600 light years. There are plenty of stars beyond 3000 light years, but as we push beyond this distance, the stars become too faint for Kepler’s transit methods to be effective. The carefully chosen field in Cygnus and Lyra is ideal for Kepler’s statistical data but the next question to ask is...
Toward a Census of Earth-Sized Worlds
While transit and radial velocity methods get most of the press when it comes to finding exoplanets, gravitational microlensing offers an independent alternative. Here a star passes in front of a far more distant object, causing the light from the source to be gravitationally ‘bent’ by the intervening star. The useful thing for exoplanet work is that if the ‘lensing’ star is orbited by one or more planets, they can leave their own signature in the microlensing event. And indeed, microlensing collaborations like MOA (Microlensing Observations in Astrophysics) and OGLE (Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment) have made the method pay off in exoplanet discoveries. Image: Gravitational microlensing relies on chance line-ups between an intervening star with planetary system and a more distant light source. Credit: California Institute of Technology. Now researchers at the University of Auckland are proposing to measure low-mass planets, planets as small as the Earth, using these...
Clarke: The Rocket Man Emerges
In the 1950s, Arthur C. Clarke's fame had begun to spread, and he sometimes referred to himself, genially enough, as an 'unemployed prophet.' This is a period in Clarke's career that, from 1953 to 1956, saw the emergence of the fifteen tall tales that would be published in 1957 as Tales from the White Hart, a fictitious pub modeled after London's White Horse. But while the stories were extravagant, the setting was the perfect amalgam of Clarke's interest, for the White Horse was where science fiction met rocketry for his extensive network of friends. One habitué of the White Horse was Ken Slater, whose recollection of those meetings appears in Neil McAleer's Visionary: The Odyssey of Sir Arthur C. Clarke (2013): "Anybody new that came to the pub was always told to ask Arthur to tell them about rockets, you see. Which they would do and then sit back for the short lecture. After Arthur broke into the short lecture, then we'd always strongly advise the newcomer to ask, 'Look,...
Arthur C. Clarke: On Cities and Stars
I've always wondered how Arthur C. Clarke coped with the news he received in 1986, when doctors in London told him he was suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a terminal illness that in the States is often called Lou Gehrig's disease. The diagnosis was mistaken -- it turns out Clarke actually suffered from what is known as 'post-polio syndrome,' a debilitating but not fatal condition. For two long years, though, he must have thought through all the symptoms of ALS, knowing that the degenerative motor neuron breakdown could gradually sap him of strength and movement. How would such an energetic man cope with an agonizing, slow fade? Neil McAleer's revised biography (Visionary: The Odyssey of Sir Arthur C. Clarke) gives the answer, as recounted by Clarke's brother Fred: "...after the initial shock, Arthur more or less said, damn it, he'd got an enormous amount he wanted to do, and if he's only got fifteen months to do it, he'd better whack into it. And he did whack into it,...
The Vision of Arthur C. Clarke
In a 1955 letter to the British rocket scientist Val Cleaver, Arthur Clarke wrote about his view from the island then called Ceylon: "Beautiful night last night. Southern Cross (a very feeble constellation) just above the front gate, with Alpha Centauri beside it. It always gives me an odd feeling to look at Alpha and to realize that's the next stop." The next stop indeed. Cleaver was a fellow member of the British Interplanetary Society who, like Clarke, was instrumental in energizing the society after World War II. Both men served the BIS as its chairman in those years, and after Cleaver's wartime work at De Havilland, he would go on to start a rocket division for the company and become chief engineer for the rocket division of Rolls-Royce. He is perhaps best known as the man behind the Blue Streak missile, but for those with a passion for the works of Arthur C. Clarke, he will always be remembered for his deep friendship with the man, and his energetic contribution to British...
A Starship Report from Brussels
Tau Zero's founding architect brings news of a recent European Union meeting that included starships and their implications on the agenda. Here's hoping that while he was there he also had the chance to sample some of those fabulous Belgian ales... by Marc Millis The European Union recently held a conference to collect information to plan for the coming decades of science and technology priorities. This included the theme of international collaboration and the implications for all humanity across the globe. As a part of this conference, the EU organizers invited Mae Jemison of the 100 Year Starship organization to chair a session about interstellar flight. Mae rounded up a suite of speakers including Buzz Aldrin (a genuine space celebrity), Jill Tarter (SETI), Lou Friedman (solar sail advocate and former Planetary Society director), Kathryn Denning (space anthropologist), Pam Contag (microbiologist), Marc Millis (propulsion physicist), and about half-dozen more. Image: Outside the...
Into the Orion Arm
Although we have little observational data to go on, the existence of the Oort Cloud simply makes sense. We see new comets coming into the inner system that are breaking up as they approach the Sun, obviously not candidates for long survival. There has to be a source containing billions of comets to account for those we do see. The Kuiper Belt is stuffed with what we can call 'iceteroids,' all moving more or less along the plane of the ecliptic until, well beyond the Kuiper Belt itself at about 10,000 AU, the disk shaped belt of material spreads into the spherical Oort Cloud. A nudge from a rogue planet or passing star is enough to produce the velocity change to send a comet inward. We've been looking this week at possible human uses for cometary objects, including the fact that they're rich in water but also nitrogen and carbon wrapped up in interesting organic compounds. From the standpoint of resource extraction, we also find interesting elements like silicon, sulfur, nickel,...
Life Among the Comets
It's hard to imagine a sane human being who would choose to live in the Oort Cloud, on a colony world where the outside temperature is in the single digits Kelvin and small bands of maybe 25 each would tend to the problems of energy production and resource extraction. Human contact beyond this would be sporadic, though Richard Terra makes the case (in "Islands in the Sky," an Analog article I referenced yesterday) that a larger community dispersed through nearby settlements would meet regularly to ensure genetic diversity and relieve isolation. History tells us that people do all kinds of inexplicable things, and perhaps a small number of adventurers, outcasts, zealots and other dissidents would find a home here. But given the abundant resources closer to the inner system, I'm more inclined to look at the Oort Cloud as a source of raw materials for colonies on the move between stars. These would be generation ships moving perhaps no faster than Voyager 1 moves now, about 17...
Into the Oort Cloud: A Cometary Civilization?
Jules Verne once had the notion of a comet grazing the Earth and carrying off a number of astounded people, whose adventures comprise the plot of the 1877 novel Off on a Comet. It's a great yarn that was chosen by Hugo Gernsback to be reprinted as a serial in the first issues of his new magazine Amazing Stories back in 1926, but with a diameter of 2300 kilometers, Verne's comet was much larger than anything we've actually observed. Comets tend to be small but they make up for it in volume, with an estimated 100 billion to several trillion thought to exist in the Oort Cloud. All that adds up to a total mass of several times the Earth's. Of course, coming up with mass estimates is, as with so much else about the Oort Cloud, a tricky business. Paul R. Weissman noted a probable error of about one order of magnitude when he produced the above estimate in 1983. What we are safe in saying is something that has caught Freeman Dyson's attention: While most of the mass and volume in the galaxy...
The British Interplanetary Society at 80 Years: Part II
by Kelvin F. Long The chief editor of the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society here offers part II of his article on the Society's history. If there is one BIS project that captures the imagination above all others, it's surely Project Daedalus, the ambitious attempt to design a spacecraft capable of reaching a nearby star within 50 years. But the motivations for Daedalus were wide-ranging and the conclusions of the study may surprise you. The success of the design effort showed us what was possible with the technology of its time, while subsequent studies like Project Icarus upgrade the vessel and take us that much closer to what may one day be a working craft. Les Shepherd took things to new heights with the publication of his seminal 1952 paper "Interstellar Flight". This was the first paper ever to properly address the physics and engineering issues associated with sending a probe to another star and it is what I regard as the beginning of interstellar studies as a...
The British Interplanetary Society at 80 Years
by Kelvin F.Long Centauri Dreams readers will know Kelvin Long as the Chief Editor for the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, but the résumé hardly stops there. He is also the Deputy Chair of the BIS Technical Committee and a member of the governing council. Long is the co-founder of Project Icarus, co-founder of the non-profit Icarus Interstellar (formerly serving as the Vice President European Operations) and is the co-founder of the pending Institute for Interstellar Studies. He is the managing Director of the aerospace company Stellar Engines Ltd. Here Kelvin begins a two-part article (to be completed on Monday) highlighting the British Interplanetary Society and its numerous contributions to spaceflight concepts both interplanetary and interstellar. Liverpool is a unique location in British history. Not just because of the Beatles or Olaf Stapledon, but because this is where the British Interplanetary Society (BIS) was founded in 1933 by a Cheshire-born...