Cameron Smith last joined us just over a year ago with an essay on human interstellar migration in the context of biological evolution. Here he turns to issues of culture and change over time. An anthropologist and prehistorian at Portland State University in Oregon, Dr. Smith brings insights he has gained in the study of the early human experience on Earth to the manifold problems confronting us as we head for the stars. His current work on interstellar issues is part of his engagement with Project Hyperion, an attempt by Icarus Interstellar to develop parameters and reference studies for a multi-generational worldship. Be aware of Dr. Smith's excellent recent volume Emigrating Beyond Earth: Human Adaptation and Space Colonization (Springer-Praxis, 2013), and ponder the synergies that occur between the study of past human migrations and the ongoing cultural and biological evolution of a species aspiring to leave the world that gave it birth. by Cameron M. Smith, PhD 1. Biological...
Sunset at Titan: The Problem of Haze
Given the high quality imagery returned by Cassini on an almost routine basis, it's interesting to remember how little we knew about Saturn's moon Titan back in November of 1980, when Voyager 1 made its closest approach to the planet. Think of the options the Voyager 1 team had in front of it. The craft could have been sent on to Uranus and Neptune, a trek Voyager 2 would later accomplish. It could have preempted New Horizons if, on a different trajectory, it had been sent to Pluto. But Titan had the allure of a thick atmosphere, making it an irresistible target. Deflecting Voyager 1 past Titan meant taking it out of the plane of the ecliptic, canceling the other two options, and the frustration of the Titan images the spacecraft returned is summed up in the view we see at the right, a moon whose surface is completely obscured. The visually impenetrable atmosphere was also found to be topped by a thick layer of haze. Learning about that atmosphere was hugely important for planetary...
Proposed Europa/Io Sample Return Mission
I love a long journey by car or rail, but not by airplane. Back in my flight instructing days, I used to love to take a Cessna 182 on a long jaunt, but these days the flying I do means sitting in the cheap seats in the back of a gigantic jet and suffering the various indignities of security checks, long lines and tightly packed quarters. Hence my 1000 mile rule: If the trip is less than that distance, I'll drive it or look for a rail connection. My recent trip back to the Midwest reminded me how much I enjoy seeing the scenery at my own pace and having plenty of time to think. One of the things I thought about was how to extract maximum value from spacecraft. A decade or so ago, JPL's James Lesh explained to me how the signal from a distant probe passing behind a planet would be affected by that planet's atmosphere. An elementary way to do atmospheric science! I've mused ever since about how to do complicated things with existing resources and how to put technology in the right place...
New Horizons: The KBO Hunt Continues
Of the many interesting questions Nick Nielsen raised in last Friday's post, the one that may be most familiar to the interstellar community is the question of potential breakthroughs. What happens if an unexpected discovery in propulsion makes all the intervening stages -- building up a Solar System-wide infrastructure step by step -- unnecessary? If we had the kind of disruptive breakthrough that enabled starflight tomorrow, wouldn't the society that grew out of that capability be fundamentally different than one in which starflight took centuries to achieve? I was mulling this over yesterday when I read Pluto-bound Probe Faces Crisis, a short article in Nature that several readers had passed along. With the New Horizons probe pressing on for a close-pass of Pluto/Charon next year, the assumption all along has been that it would make a course correction after the encounter to set up a flyby of a Kuiper Belt Object (KBO). The trick there is that the New Horizons team is running out...
How We Get There Matters
Nick Nielsen's new essay follows up his speculations on interstellar infrastructure with a look at the kind of starships we might one day build. The consequences are profound. What if we master interstellar technologies without needing the Solar System-wide infrastructure many of us assume will precede them? A civilization's interstellar 'footprint' would be radically altered if this is the case, and evidence of mega-engineering among the stars sharply constrained. Then too, how we view what is possible could be transformed by breakthroughs in biology and longevity, all part of the mix as we look at what Nick calls 'undetermined nodes in future history." by J. N. Nielsen In my previous Centauri Dreams post, The Infrastructure Problem, I sought to make a distinction between fundamentally different forms that a spacefaring civilization might take, one tending toward primarily planetary-based infrastructure, and another tending toward primarily space-based infrastructure. I am always...
Thoughts on a Spacecraft’s Rebirth
According to a recent NASA news release, the agency has never before signed the kind of agreement it has made with Skycorp, Inc., a Los Gatos, CA-based firm that will now attempt contact with the International Sun-Earth Explorer-3 (ISEE-3) spacecraft. You'll recall that this is the vehicle that scientists and space activists alike have been talking about resurrecting now that, having completed its studies of the solar wind in 1981 and later comet observations, it is making its closest approach to the Earth in more than thirty years (see ISEE-3: The Challenge of the Long Duration Flight). According to its website, Skycorp is in the business of bringing "...new technologies, new approaches, and reduced cost to the manufacture of spacecraft and space systems." Founded in 1998, the company signed a Space Act Agreement with NASA for the use of the International Space Station in 1999, and qualified the first commercial payload used in the filming of a television commercial (for Radio...
Exomoons: A New Technique for Detection
A friend asked me the other day whether my interest in exomoons -- moons around exoplanets -- wasn't just a fascination with the technology of planet hunting. After all, we've finally gotten to the point where we can detect and confirm planets around other stars. An exomoon represents the next step at pushing our methods, and a detection would be an affirmation of just how far new technology and ingenious analysis can take us. So was there really any scientific value in finding exomoons, or was the hunt little more than an exercise in refining our tools? I've written about technology for a long time, but the case for exomoons goes well beyond what my friend describes. We've found not just gas giants but 'super-Earths' in the habitable zones of other stars, and it's a natural suggestion that around one or both classes of planet, an exomoon might he habitable even if the parent world were not. It's a natural assumption that moons exist around other planets elsewhere as readily as they...
A New Marker for Planet Formation
Given how many planet-hosting stars we’re finding, any markers that can tell us which are most likely to have terrestrial worlds would be welcome. New work out of Vanderbilt University is now providing us with an interesting possibility. Working with the university’s Keivan Stassun, graduate student Trey Mack has developed a model that studies the chemical composition of a given star and relates it to the amount of rocky material it has ingested during the course of its lifetime. Stars with a high amount of such material may be places where small, terrestrial worlds are rare. What Mack has done is to look at the relative abundance of fifteen specific elements. According to this Vanderbilt news release, he was most interested in elements with high condensation temperatures like aluminum, silicon, calcium and iron, the kind of materials that become building blocks for planets like the Earth. In this context, it’s important to remember that stars are 98 percent hydrogen and helium, with...
GU Piscium b: Tuning Up our Imaging
How do you go about characterizing a directly imaged planet around another star? In the absence of a transit, one way is to apply theoretical models of planetary formation and evolution to the light spectrum you're working with. When a team of researchers led by Marie-Ève Naud (a graduate student at the Université de Montréal) used these methods on direct imaging data from four different observatories to characterize a planet 155 light years from the Earth, they arrived at a temperature of some 800 degrees Celsius. The work drew inferences based upon the location of the newly detected world. For the planet, GU Piscium b, orbits a star that is a member of the AB Doradus moving group, some 30 stars that move together with the star AB Doradus. The AB Doradus association is helpful because a moving group is made up of stars of roughly the same age and metallicity, a sign they probably formed in the same location. The fact that these are young stars, perhaps 100 million...
Time Out
Over the past months, enough projects have piled up in need of attention that I finally have to decide to get serious about them. That means a short break here. No Centauri Dreams posts this week, therefore, with publication resuming next week on Monday or Tuesday. While I'm putting various things -- some space-related, some not -- in order, I'll try to keep up with comment moderation, though it may get sporadic for a time. Meanwhile, do keep plugging into Heath Rezabek's book survey as we try to isolate not only what books from my shortlist are the most useful, but also search for books you think should be on the list. Please add any titles you think worthwhile in the space provided on the survey form. I look forward to watching this survey grow, and to Heath's reflections on it once it has grown to sufficient size. See you in a week.
An Emerging Interstellar Bibliography
Today begins Heath Rezabek's survey as we look at the curation of a booklist on interstellar flight, using as basis a list of books I've gradually accumulated over the years. Before Heath introduces the survey, a few words about my methods: Many of the books listed below are ones that I used in preparing my 2005 book Centauri Dreams: Imagining and Planning Interstellar Exploration. But in the time since, I've added a number of more recent titles. I'm hoping this curation project will reveal other books that may be useful as we flesh out the list. Please glance over the entire list and be thinking of additional possibilities as you engage with Heath's survey. As to the choices made, these are non-fiction science books, although several recent titles contain a mix of non-fiction and science fiction stories. Feel free to suggest SF titles that specifically broaden our thinking about interstellar flight -- we can either integrate them into the main list or develop a second list focused...
Curation of an Interstellar Booklist
As a librarian with a futuristic bent, Heath Rezabek has developed the Vessel Project as a way of studying how we can preserve our knowledge and culture against future risk. That work -- and Heath's ongoing engagement with the Long Now Foundation -- asks what we might put into a long-term archive housing the essence of our community. Finding the answers involves 'community curation,' asking varying interest groups to develop and discuss their choices. We're going to run such a survey with the Centauri Dreams readership, helping to firm up a shortlist of books on interstellar topics that I've been wanting to return to for some time. That list will appear tomorrow, but today Heath explains strategies for building archives to represent communities like the one that clusters here around interstellar flight. by Heath Rezabek In my first Centauri Dreams installment, I noted that I had recently begun an Internship with the Long Now foundation, assisting and advising in their initial...
2030s: The Decade of Europa?
Our recent discussions of the Jovian moons Ganymede and Europa highlight a fact that not so long ago would have seemed absurd. Three of the four bright dots that Galileo saw through his primitive telescope around Jupiter are potential habitats for life. Even battered Callisto gives evidence of an internal ocean, as do, of course, both Ganymede and Europa. But why stop there? Further out, Titan is worth exploring both on the surface and under it, and tiny Enceladus may be both the easiest to study and the most bizarre astrobiological possibility we've yet found. The 'easy to study' part comes from the fact that Enceladus conveniently spews vapor from its own internal reservoirs into space, making it possible for a space probe to analyze the contents without ever touching down on the surface. The 'bizarre' part comes from the fact that those fissures exist, surely a sign of Saturn's gravitational grip upon the flexing moon, but also a reminder that these outer moons have leaped into...
Proxima Centauri Transit Search to Begin
Anyone who follows this site is well aware of David Kipping's work as Principal Investigator of The Hunt for Exomoons with Kepler, which sifts through the voluminous Kepler data in search of exoplanet satellites. Now based at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA), David lists a number of research interests including the study and characterization of transiting exoplanets, the development of novel detection and characterization techniques, exoplanet atmospheres, Bayesian inference, population statistics and starspot modeling. Yesterday he wrote with news that will get the attention of anyone interested in stars near the Sun. A transit search of Proxima Centauri, never before attempted, is about to begin. By David Kipping I wanted to let Centauri Dreams readers know that I'm leading an upcoming observing campaign with MOST this month and the mission's PI, Jaymie Matthews, recently shared with us an important decision by the Canadian Space Agency (CSA) on May 1st which...
Thoughts on Karl Schroeder’s ‘Lockstep’
We last heard from Karl Schroeder in his essay Creative Constraints and Starflight, published here back in March. Schroeder was describing his new novel Lockstep, whose ingenious plot is in the service of a daring idea: If we are limited to speeds well less than that of light, can we still find a way to achieve the kind of deep space civilization we've seen depicted in so much science fiction? That would include travel to far places within single human lifetimes, trade with colony worlds, and much of the panoply of what is sometimes called 'space opera.' Schroeder's solution is ingenious and challenges the preconceptions most of us bring to interstellar flight, which is why I want to return to Lockstep this morning. I had read a pre-publication copy late in 2013 and found that it triggered some incipient thoughts on how we relate to time that I needed to work out. In particular, not only in Karl's work but in Neal Stephenson's and, to an extent, in Alastair Reynolds', I've found a...
A Layered Ocean within Ganymede?
Remember as you ponder NASA’s Request for Information about a Europa mission that the agency is contributing three instruments to the European Space Agency’s JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) mission, to be operational in Jupiter space in the 2030s. The goal here is to explore Europa, Callisto and Ganymede through numerous flybys, with the craft finally settling into orbit around Ganymede. This would be the first serious look at multiple Jupiter moons by a visiting spacecraft since the Galileo mission, which explored the system from 1995 to 2003. The large Jovian moons have always been of interest, with not just Europa but Callisto and Ganymede also thought to have deep oceans beneath their icy crusts. Galileo, in fact, found evidence for salty seas within Ganymede, probably containing magnesium sulfate. At the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a team led by Steve Vance is offering new research showing that what we may have on Ganymede is more than a simple sea between two layers of ice....
The Europa Imperative
Stanley G. Weinbaum is best known for the 1934 short story "A Martian Odyssey," lionized by readers and critics alike after it appeared in the July issue of Wonder Stories. Isaac Asimov would later opine that "A Martian Odyssey" was one of a handful of stories that changed the way all later science fiction was written. But Weinbaum's depiction of a genuinely alien being called Tweel sometimes obscures his other work, which you can find collected in The Best of Stanley G. Weinbaum (1974), a worthwhile addition to the library of any SF fan, and a reminder of the loss the genre suffered when the author died at age 33. This morning I've been thinking back to a little known Weinbaum story called "Redemption Cairn," which ran in the March, 1936 Astounding Stories and which, because I have a good run of Astounding issues from that era, sits not ten feet away from me on my shelf. I don't know if this is the first appearance of Europa in science fiction, but "Redemption Cairn," with its...