When Clifford Singer proposed in his 1980 paper that a stream of pellets could be used to drive an interstellar vehicle, the idea emerged at a time when Robert Forward had already drawn attention to a different kind of beamed propulsion. Forward’s sail missions used a beamed laser from an array near the Sun, and he explored the possibility of building a Fresnel lens in the outer Solar System to keep the beam tightly collimated; i.e., we want the narrowest possible beam to put maximum energy on the sail.
It was an era when huge structures in space defined interstellar thinking. Forward’s lasers were vast and he envisioned a 560,000-ton Fresnel lens in deep space, a structure fully one-third the diameter of the Moon. Such a lens made collimating the laser beam a workable proposition, to say the least — at 4.3 light years, the distance of Alpha Centauri A and B, such a beam is still converging, and would not reach the size of its 1000 kilometer transmitting aperture until an amazing 44 light years out.
Singer’s ideas were just as big, of course, and we saw yesterday that they demanded not only a series of stations to keep the pellet beam collimated but also an accelerator in the outer Solar System that would be 105 kilometers long. If we’re building enormous structures to begin with, wouldn’t it be easier to just send laser photons than a stream of particles or pellets? The answer, and it’s surely one that occurred to Singer as he examined Forward’s ideas, is that there is an inherent downside to photon propulsion. Let Gerald Nordley explain it:
The pellet, or particle, beam propulsion system is conceptually similar to photon beam propulsion systems discussed by Forward and others. While the concept is feasible, the reflected photons must still move at the speed of light and so carry away much of the energy used to generate them. The velocity of a beam of particles, however, can be varied so that the reflected particles are left dead in space and thus waste much less energy.
Geoffrey Landis described the same problem in his 2004 paper “Interstellar Flight by Particle Beam.” For all their size, Forward’s laser-propelled lightsails have extremely low energy efficiency, which is why the laser installations have to be so large in the first place. Some of Forward’s proposals reach lasers with power in the range of 7.2 terawatts. So we have an inefficient mechanism forcing not just huge lasers but spectacular lenses in the outer system. I don’t rule out huge structures in space — nanotech assemblers may some day make this possible — but finding ways to eliminate the need for them may bring the day of actual missions closer.
The Nordley quote above is drawn from his website, where slides from a presentation he made at a workshop in 1993 are made available. Nordley had already addressed the matter of particle beam propulsion in a 1993 paper in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, in which he discussed a magnetic sail, or ‘magsail,’ as the reflector for the incoming particles. The magsail reflects the particles and, as Nordley notes, thereby gains some fraction of twice their momentum, although he adds that reflector concepts are not limited to magnetic sails.
A retired Air Force officer, Nordley is an astronautical engineer who also writes science fiction (under the name G. David Nordley), author of the highly regarded novella “Into the Miranda Rift” along with numerous other stories mostly in Analog. It was in that magazine in 1999 that he pursued the work on magnetic sails that Dana Andrews and Robert Zubrin had developed, combining their insights with Clifford Singer’s pellet concepts. The result: Mass beam drivers driven by solar power that shoot pellets to a spacecraft whose laser system ionizes them, reflecting the resultant plasma by a magnetic mirror to produce thrust. Or perhaps a self-destruct mechanism within each pellet that would be triggered by proximity to the starship.
Image: Pushing pellets to a starship, where the resulting plasma is mirrored as thrust. Credit: Gerald Nordley.
Nordley’s pellet stream added a significant new wrinkle to Singer’s in that it would be made up of pellets that could steer themselves to the beam-riding spacecraft. Remember the scope of the problem: Singer needed those stations in deep space to make course adjustments for the pellet stream, which had to hit the spacecraft at distances of several hundred AUs. Nordley talks about nanotech-enabled pellets in the shape of snowflakes capable of carrying their own sensors and thrusters, tiny craft that can home in on the starship’s beacon. Problems with beam collimation thus vanish and there is no need for spacecraft maneuvering to stay under power.
In “Beamriders,” a non-fiction article in the July/August, 1999 Analog, he sees these pellets as weighing no more than a few micrograms, although here again the question of interstellar dust comes into play. Singer had found in his second JBIS paper (see citation at the end of yesterday’s entry) that pellets over a gram in size should be impervious to large-scale dispersion. It would obviously have to be demonstrated that much lighter ‘smart pellets’ like these would not suffer from dust strikes. But the beauty of lighter pellets is that they would rely on shorter accelerators than the 100,000 kilometer behemoth Singer described.
Efficient delivery of the pellet stream can also make for smaller magsails because the incoming stream is tightly concentrated. The pellet concept Singer introduced is thus significantly enhanced by Nordley’s application of nanotechnology, and forces us to ask the question that has infused this entire series of posts: Given the rapid pace of miniaturization and computing, can we imagine a paradigm shift that takes us from smart pellets all the way to self-contained probes the size of bacteria? Developing the technologies by which such minuscule craft would travel in swarms, combining resources for scientific study and communications, will surely energize one stream of interstellar studies in coming decades.
The Geoffrey Landis paper cited above is “Interstellar Flight by Particle Beam,” in Acta Astronautica Vol. 55, pp. 931-934 (2004). The earlier Nordley paper on particle beam propulsion is “Relativistic Particle Beams for Interstellar Propulsion,” JBIS, 46-4, April 1993. See also his “Interstellar Probes Propelled by Self-steering Momentum Transfer Particles” (IAA-01-IAA.4.1.05, 52nd International Astronautical Congress, Toulouse, France, 1-5 Oct 2001).
‘The magsail reflects the particles and, as Nordley notes, thereby gains some fraction of twice their momentum, although he adds that reflector concepts are not limited to magnetic sails.’
The reflection requires a special set of conditions, but they could be controlled by the on-board current to power the mag-sails loop. I wanted to use the energy stored in the pellets magnetic field as the energy source to sublime a gas for the course correction, but there is just not enough.
Also the magnetic and electrostatic fields that would have been used to allow the accelerator to propel them would have destroyed the delicate Nano electronic circuits used to operate them with the huge inducted fields. Unless the accelerator is very long and the pellets large enough the pellet idea unfortunately flounders. It could possibly be used however for very large ships, say throwing the pellets ‘fusion or fission’ ahead in a sort of runway configuration to power crafts or even give a ship that initial push.
http://www.gdnordley.com/_files/2way%20EML%20&%20PB%20prop.pdf
A two-stage pellet process might be efficacious, with the smart ones in the lead, propelled by a cloud of charged ones, the latter being easy to accelerate. Eventually the charged ones disperse.
Just as something to throw into the hat, what about using gravitational lensing by our sun as a way of focusing lasers at great distances?
@Dave Moore – I don’t see how that would work. A gravitational lens focuses all the light from a very narrow circle around the sun to a point. A circle just outside it is focuses to a point further out, and so on. The laser within the sol system, say grazing past the sun would actually be slightly diverged, the part closest to the sun bent more than the beam at the furthest edge.
Can we hybridize the rail gun and laser acceleration?
By my calcs (if no dropped zeroes), an object can be accelerated at 10,000 g to 2% c in around 60 seconds with a rail gun length of just 18 km. That seems like a much more reasonable device to me. As the object exits from the gun, it is gently spun up to unfurl a sail, which a laser or microwave beam them further accelerates, either with just photons or with ablation. Because the sail can navigate in the beam, the gun and beamer can be located in the inner solar system where power is abundant and maintenance easier. It might be even better to locate the device within the Earth’s magnetic field so that electric tethers could provide the motive force to counteract the recoil.
Why aren’t the pellets themselves the spaceship? I don’t know how you would slow one down but they would seem to be our best hope for a flyby this century.
How big and accelerator to accelerate a 1 gram fly by probe at 0.1 C?
I may just be pointing out the obvious, but if this concept of sending “smart pellets” has significant merit – then, shouldn’t we figure out a way to detect such probes in case similar probes are visiting our system? Maybe we can jump-start our design of such probes by finding ones already functioning? :-)
A pellet stream can extremely effective at slowing a spacecraft at the target star. In this application the pellets will be at rest or have a very low velocity. The pellet stream would take very little energy to deploy. Think of the technique they use to slow rocket sleds at Sandia where they simply drop a scoop into a pool of water.
Obviously this technique requires a facility at the target star to make and deploy the pellets. It cannot be used for the initial probe. It can, however, greatly reduce the size of any follow-on vehicles since they do not have to carry fuel for deceleration.
I’ve seen nothing with regard to pellet propulsion that would preclude testing this concept by sending a satellite to Mars (or Vesta, or …). Surely avoiding the rocket equation is useful even for in-system travel.
Eric Hughes:
Eric Hughes:
True. Still, even those are lofty goals. Better try for some even much easier goals first, such as the vaporization of an aircraft or missile at just a few thousand km distance. Actually, I think billions of dollars are being spent on that as we speak…
http://iase.cc/
We mustn’t forget the Forest Bishop’s contribution on the subject.
http://iase.cc/starseed.htm
http://iase.cc/launcher.htm
@Alex Tolley July 16, 2014 at 20:33
‘By my calcs (if no dropped zeroes), an object can be accelerated at 10,000 g to 2% c in around 60 seconds with a rail gun length of just 18 km.’
It should be 176220 km long, out by a factor of 10 thousand..
For a fair sized sail of a certain mass if you work out the pressure at the bottom of the load that the 10 000 g would create it would cause plastic deformation of all but the strongest materials.
@Michael – You’re right, I forgot the 10^4 factor in computing distance. So obviously this is not a good solution. Much more modest rail guns might be better for sun diver missions. But even here, more modest accelerations, e.g. 10-100g make the rail gun impractically large. They would need to be circular rather than linear to be more feasible. A lunar location might be the best place for them.
You’re second point is interesting. I hadn’t considered the effect on the furled sail. You are probably correct that the acceleration would make a mess of the sail so that it would not unfurl after the acceleration was over.
Beamed sails look much more viable than rail guns for accelerating objects to high velocity.
Alex Tolley:
Circular has its own problems, on the whole making it less, not more feasible for anyhing larger than charged particles or ions.